La consellera d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Teresa Jordà, ha lliurat aquest divendres a la Morera de Montsant el certificat de cel nocturn de qualitat a 20 municipis de l’entorn del Parc Natural de Montsant. Aquestes noves certificacions s’afegeixen a la dels 12 municipis que ja van ser declarats inicialment, fa tres anys, com a àrea d’influència del punt de referència del Parc, àrees pròximes a punts de valor astronòmic o natural especial. D’aquesta manera tot el Priorat es converteix en l’única comarca de Catalunya que ha apostat en la seva totalitat per un projecte de protecció envers la contaminació lumínica.
En aquesta ampliació s’incorporen al projecte de protecció els municipis de l’Albiol, l’Arbolí, Bellmunt del Priorat, Capafonts, Capçanes, Falset, la Febró, els Guiamets, el Lloar, Marçà, el Masroig, el Molar, Mont-ral, Porrera, Pradell de la Teixeta, Prades, la Torre de Fontaubella, Vallclara, Vilanova de Prades i Vimbodí i Poblet. Són municipis que agafen el compromís d’adoptar, en quatre anys, un model d’enllumenat exterior sostenible des del punt de vista econòmic, energètic i ambiental. L’adhesió comporta un augment de la superfície protegida de 305 km2 a 738 km2.
La consellera Jordà ha recordat que “Catalunya va ser capdavantera amb la prevenció de la contaminació lumínica, aprovant al 2001 la Llei d’ordenació ambiental de l’enllumenament per a la protecció del medi nocturn”. En aquest sentit, Jordà ha afegit que “volem seguir per aquest camí i, per això, en aquesta legislatura tirarem endavant la Llei de qualitat atmosfèrica”.
Més enllà del Priorat
El projecte s’ha tramitat en un marc de col·laboració institucional entre tots els ajuntaments implicats; la Diputació de Tarragona; el Consell Comarcal del Priorat; i el Parc Natural de la Serra de Montsant i la Direcció General de Qualitat Ambiental i Canvi Climàtic, del Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural. En el projecte també hi ha participat el Parc Astronòmic Muntanyes de Prades.
L’origen de l’ampliació neix de l’avaluació de la qualitat del cel nocturn que fa cada any la Generalitat. Si bé anteriorment s’havien detectat uns nivells de qualitat considerats com a “molt bons” a la zona de Montsant, durant les campanyes dels anys 2018 i 2019, també se’n van trobar a les Muntanyes de Prades. L’Ajuntament de Prades, veient els resultats obtinguts, va sol·licitar estendre el projecte de protecció a l’entorn de les Muntanyes de Prades i, al llarg dels treballs previs i de tramitació, ha fet un paper destacat d’impuls de la iniciativa i de coordinació amb els municipis del seu àmbit geogràfic.
La Diputació de Tarragona, per la seva banda, ha donat suport jurídic als municipis i els ha acompanyat en tot el procés de tramitació administrativa. De la mateixa manera els ofereix suport tècnic per a l’elaboració de projectes de millora de l’enllumenat i ajuts per a la seva execució.
Ajuts per reformar l’enllumenat
La consellera Jordà ha explicat que “el projecte que va més enllà de la protecció ambiental, suposa la millora de la qualitat del servei d’enllumenat als municipis de la zona i elimina la fractura tecnològica entre les grans àrees urbanes i el món rural en matèria d’enllumenat, amb la implantació de les millors tecnologies d’il·luminació”. En aquest sentit, ha anunciat que el Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural té previst publicar durant el mes de desembre una nova convocatòria d’ajuts per reformar l’enllumenat municipal. Aquesta línia proritzarà aquells municipis que tinguin projectes de protecció lumínica i ordenació de l’enllumenat exterior i està previst que estigui dotat de 600.000 euros per a l’any 2022. A la convocatòria d’enguany es van presentar 37 sol·licituds i es van atorgar 363.000 euros, dels quals 147.000 es van assignar a municipis d’aquest projecte.
Els futurs ajuts es destinaran a projectes que donin el servei lumínic necessari i de qualitat a la població; minimitzin l’impacte nociu de la llum, facilitant la visió del cel nocturn, preservant la biodiversitat i el descans de les persones; que redueixin els gasos amb efecte d’hivernacle i promoguin la transició energètica en la lluita contra el canvi climàtic; i redueixin la despesa municipal en el servei d’enllumenat.
La instal·lació de noves tecnologies, més eficients, poden aconseguir reduir sensiblement els consum energètic i la repercussió ambiental de la il·luminació exterior. A més, cal utilitzar només la quantitat de llum necessària per portar a terme l’activitat que es vol desenvolupar, evitant qualsevol tipus de sobre-il·luminació. Per una altra banda, s’ha d’evitar enviar llum allà on no està indicat, fet que pot crear intrusió i molèsties en zones de descans de les persones o cap a zones d’ecosistemes naturals i cap al cel. Sempre utilitzant la llum més càlida possible, minimitzant l’emissió de llum blavosa, que és la que més impacte té sobre el medi ambient i els éssers vius de nit.
Turisme de qualitat
Durant l’acte de reconeixement de la qualitat del cel nocturn de Montsant, la directora de la Fundació Starlight, la doctora Antonia Varela, ha lliurat al Parc i als municipis implicats la certificació com a Destinació Turística Starlight, en reconeixement de la foscor del cel nocturn de la zona i de la seva oferta turística associada. Aquest tipus de distintiu només els tenen a Catalunya el Parc Astronòmic del Montsec i el Parc Nacional d’Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici. Des del punt de vista turístic, la certificació Starlight dona als municipis eines per diversificar la seva oferta, i orientar-la cap a un públic familiar i interessat en els valors ambientals, culturals i paisatgístics.
La consellera Jordà ha destacat que “aquest reconeixement de prestigi internacional, és també un compromís en la preservació i millora de la qualitat ambiental de la zona i una eina molt potent de promoció d’activitats de turisme sostenible, i per tant de dinamització econòmica del territori”.
Les activitats d’observació del firmament desperten molt d’interès entre tots els públics, permeten gaudir de la natura en un context diferent al de les activitats diürnes i són una eina potent de sensibilització ambiental envers la problemàtica de la contaminació lumínica. El Pla d’actuacions de la zona protegida contempla accions, entre d’altres, a l’escola, de turisme actiu durant la nit, o xerrades astronòmiques. Durant l’any 2022 el Parc crearà una xarxa de 10 miradors astronòmics, en la qual ja s’ha començat a treballar aquest any.
Protegir el cel nocturn
Malauradament la foscor natural és un recurs escàs que està desapareixent arreu del món desenvolupat degut a la contaminació lumínica. De fet, el 60% de la població d‘Europa occidental viu en entorns contaminats lumínicament i pràcticament no poden veure les estrelles. Aquesta problemàtica ambiental no només afecta a la visió dels estels, sinó també a la majoria d’ecosistemes naturals, on hi ha éssers vius d’activitat nocturna.
En un context d’emergència climàtica i on la comunitat científica alerta de la creixent pèrdua de biodiversitat, és especialment important optar per un model d’enllumenat que redueixi el consum energètic, però que al mateix temps minimitzi l’impacte sobre els ecosistemes.
Els patrons de comportament dels éssers vius com ara les seves hores d’activitat, de depredació, de reproducció, de pol·linització, o d’hivernació, estan condicionats als patrons d’il·luminació dia/nit i estacionals. Per això no és d’estranyar que la ruptura d’aquests patrons naturals per causa de la implantació de fonts d’il·luminació artificial tingui conseqüències adverses sobre la biodiversitat en un ampli rang de grups, espècies i ecosistemes diferents. S’han detectat afectacions sobre els patrons de reproducció, sobre la relació predador-presa, o sobre l’orientació en les migracions, entre d’altres. La il·luminació artificial altera d’aquesta manera el comportament de molts animals i, com a conseqüència, s’altera l’equilibri intrapoblacional i interespecífic per la distorsió de les relacions tròfiques de l’ecosistema.
Pel que fa als mamífers, un dels grups que es veu més afectat és el dels quiròpters. La contaminació lumínica afecta sobretot els ratpenats que viuen prop de cases o zones urbanes. En aquestes espècies l’impacte de la llum artificial retarda la resposta a l’emergència i acaba, en els pitjors casos, amb la destrucció de tota la colònia. La vegetació també es pot veure afectada negativament per la contaminació lumínica com en el cas de les flors del gènere de plantes Selenicereus de la família dels cactus (Cactaceae) que s’obren a la nit de forma que puguin ser pol·linitzades per papallones nocturnes.
Els valors del Parc Natural
Aquest espai està inclòs al Pla d’Espais d’Interès Natural de la Generalitat de Catalunya, a la xarxa europea Natura 2000 i va ser declarat Parc Natural l’any 2002 amb l’objectiu de preservar els valors geològics, biològics, paisatgístics i culturals, tot respectant el desenvolupament sostenible dels seus aprofitaments.
La serra de Montsant té una elevada diversitat biològica i escàs grau d’artificialització, configura un paisatge singular i de gran valor que conté espècies vegetals d’especial interès i esdevé alhora una de les principals reserves de fauna de les serralades litorals mediterrànies. Alhora, el paisatge de Montsant integra intrínsecament una sèrie de valors intangibles com ara la tranquil·litat, el silenci, o la contemplació de la natura. Són, en definitiva, valors que formen part del que coneixem com a patrimoni cultural immaterial, i que en el cas de la serra de Montsant cal associar, sens dubte, a la càrrega espiritual de la muntanya que històricament ha estat present i que el propi topònim recull (Mont-sant: “muntanya santa”). De fet, el Parc Natural de Montsant, seguint les recomanacions de la Iniciativa DELOS impulsada per la UICN (màxim òrgan internacional de conservació de la natura), ha incorporat en la gestió i planificació un reconeixement sobre com aquests valors culturals i espirituals de Montsant són positius per a la conservació de la natura.
Amb l’objectiu de preservar aquests valors, el 2018 el Parc Natural i la seva àrea d’influència van ser declarats com a zona d’especial protecció de la qualitat acústica (ZEPQA) i punt de referència lumínica. Dos aspectes de la qualitat ambiental que es relacionen directament amb la preservació de la tranquil·litat i afavoreixen per tant, la conservació de moltes espècies de fauna, com ara els rapinyaires o les 11 espècies de quiròpters en situació d’amenaça pels quals la preservació de la foscor és essencial.
Lluita contra el canvi Climàtic
El Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural està treballant per poder valoritzar i protegir zones d’especial qualitat ambiental nocturna, promovent l’ús de les tecnologies més eficients (làmpades LED, sistemes de regulació i telegestió) i, entre aquestes, les que són més respectuoses amb l’entorn natural: els LEDs de llum ataronjada (anomenats LED PC-Ambre i els LED amb filtre homologat). El projecte impulsarà actuacions d’adequació de l’enllumenat que permeti estalvis d’energia d’entre el 30% i el 70%, i reduir en més d’un 80% la llum sobrera emesa cap al cel. La intenció és ampliar les zones protegides actualment, com és el cas de Montsant, i crear-ne de noves.
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