Les coses clares i la xocolata espessa, que es diu. El clima canvia i també els discursos. Si fins ara parlàvem de reduir emissions, ara cal saber com ens preparem per assumir l’impacte del canvi climàtic. Des de 2012, Catalunya disposa d’una estratègia d’adaptació que es dirigeix des de l’Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic. Conversem amb Gabriel Borràs, biòleg i cap de l’Àrea d’Adaptació d’aquest organisme.
Haver d’adaptar-nos vol dir que ja hem fet tard?
Normalment parlem de reduir els efectes del canvi climàtic, però, després de molts anys aplicant polítiques de mitigació, sabem que la realitat és molt tossuda. No només els efectes del canvi climàtic són cada cop més evidents, sinó que les emissions han seguit en augment. Així, estar clar que hem d’estar preparats per ser el menys vulnerables possible a aquests impactes.
Són perspectives complementàries.
Sí. Treballar per construir les millors condicions de vida possibles no vol dir que ens n’oblidem de disminuir els efectes del canvi climàtic. A més, el fet de mitigar o no depèn d’un esforç conjunt, però l’adaptació té un caire molt local: el canvi climàtic no tindrà el mateix impacte a Catalunya que Alemanya. T’hi jugues més els quartos, perquè parlem de quines seran les seves conseqüències directes.
Així i tot, moltes veus assenyalen que en relació a les polítiques climàtiques, sempre prevaldran els interessos del mercat. És imprescindible un canvi de model?
Si entenem que el canvi climàtic és conseqüència d’una determinada manera de créixer, d’utilitzar els recursos i d’evolucionar, està clar que no podem atacar-lo sense un canvi de model. El mercat i la tecnologia, per si sols, no hi posaran solució. Hi poden contribuir, però no n’hi ha prou.
Els moviments socials que han nascut als darrers temps ho subratllen.
Sí, està a la base tant de Fridays for Future com de Extinction Rebellion. Els que mouen les cireres fan veure què fan sense fer, per això hem d’exigir saber d’on ve el menjar el que consumim, quin impacte té la nostra manera de viure i exigir als polítics que siguin coherents amb allò que han aprovat els estats membres que representen. Són ells qui signen els acords d’emissions. Que els compleixin.
En general, hem assumit aquesta necessitat de replantejar-nos el model?
El canvi climàtic és un tema extremadament complex, és molt difícil donar missatges simplistes sobre com combatre’l. Tot i això, és evident que per mitigar-lo o adaptar-nos no hem de separar la brossa orgànica: això ho hem de fer per raons econòmiques, perquè l’abocador paga una taxa a l’Ajuntament, la qual repercuteix en els nostres Impostos. Que també ho fas per raons ambientals? Collonut! Si el canvi climàtic serveix per fer que creixi el reciclatge o perquè es millorin les xarxes de distribució d’aigua, que és un recurs escàs i finit, fantàstic. De fet, és molt benvingut, perquè la situació climàtica tensa més aquests problemes, però no els ha creat. Les dificultats que genera el canvi climàtic són diferents, fins i tot més properes a la nostra realitat quotidiana.
Per exemple?
Sempre ens parlen del canvi climàtic fent servi la imatge de l’os polar famèlic sobre una placa de gel a l’Àrtic, que està molt bé i és emotiva, però genera distancia: tothom té massa problemes per preocupar-se d’una cosa que queda tan lluny. En canvi, si s’envia el missatge que la mateixa gent que no pot pagar el lloguer és la mateixa que mor a l’estiu per les onades de calor o a l’hivern per les de fred, la cosa canvia. Perquè el canvi climàtic extrema les condicions meteorològiques. La població més vulnerable socioeconòmicament és també la que és més vulnerable climàticament.
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D’acord.
Una altra. Com destinem tants recursos a produïr aliments que després no es venen perquè n’arriben d’altres països i rebenten els preus? Fem una cosa: analitzem bé què produir, per a quin tipus d’alimentació, quins mercats, per quin preu i en funció de l’aigua i recursos que tenim.
Depèn de nosaltres posar-hi remei?
No. Millorar la situació no depèn del ciutadà. Quan vas al supermercat i veus que els broquils estan embolicats amb porexpan i plàstic, tens poder sobre això? I si et queixes et diran que és per qüestions de salut. Inventeu-vos una altra història. Abans no s’embolicaven les verdures i la gent no es moria per això. Sí que les nostres decisions personals poder contribuir en certa mesura, però el què cal és un canvi profund de model.
Hi ha qui dirà “que ens ho portin de l’Àfrica”.
L’agricultura sempre s’ha adaptat al canvi climàtic, i al Mediterrani més. Si els primer funcionaris citats de la historia són els que s’encarregaven de regular el Tigris i l’Èufrates! Al Mediterrani ens adaptem regant. Ara bé, podem plantar qualsevol cosa amb independència de les condicions hídriques o plantar conreus que s’adaptin a una climatologia determinada.
Què vols dir?
Que podem triar: o plantem conreus mediterranis amb un reg de suport, que t’assegura les produccions, o seguim pensant que Catalunya és el delta del Ganges. Des del punt de vista de l’adaptació i del canvi climàtic, la decisió és clara. Si seguim analitzant l’èxit del sector per les quantitats que produeix, no ens en sortirem. Hem deixar enrere aquesta idea que per créixer sempre hem de tenir res i de comptabilitzar-ho tot d’acord amb el PIB.
Al PIB?
Sí. Un exemple: quan hi ha una catàstrofe derivada d’un extrem climàtic, un tifó, un huracà, una sequera… les accions per arreglar aquests béns malmesos es comptabilitzen al PIB. En certa manera, al sistema ja li va bé: es contracten obrers, es compren materials… A banda, és un model de creixement basat en la crema de combustibles fòssils que no és sustentable amb les energies renovables.
Parlem de renovables. A Catalunya tenim un conflicte obert important a la Terra Alta: en una de les zones menys poblades del país es produeix el 25% de l’energia eòlica de l’Estat. Com fem una transició ordenada?
Ja va sent hora que ens fem majors d’edat: hem de decidir quin territori construïm, com ho fem i com neutralitzem els desequilibris. A la Terra Alta hi ha vent, sí, però també a l’Empordà i a la línia costanera. Per aplicar una pressió tan gran a aquesta part del país cal que se li ofereixin compensacions reals: millora d’infraestructures, els serveis, les escoles…
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Entenc…
És evident que per acomplir amb la llei de canvi climàtic necessitem una determinada potència eòlica instada, alhora que anem pensant què fem amb les nuclears. Però aquest procés de transició energètica s’ha de fer bé, amb taules de discussió, amb compromisos i assumint que són necessàries recompenses. No es pot jugar més a la “puta i a la Ramoneta”, ni val això de renovables sí però no a casa meva. A més, no és només una qüestió energètica, també de seguretat geoestratègica. Si som sobirans, si no depenem de tercers, no hi ha el risc que un dia Algeria ens tanqui el gas o França talli la interconnexió amb el Pirineu. Hem de produir i distribuir l’energia de manera local, sinó, en qualsevol, moment ens podem trobar compromesos.
Davant d’aquests reptes, quin és el primer pas a fer?
Doncs, primer, adoctrinar, ara que això està tan de moda. Les escoles i els mestres que coeduquen els nostres fills han d’ensenyar què és el canvi climàtic, què suposa i quines conseqüències té. Però no n’hi ha prou, s’ha de tenir diners per fer accions i repensar com ens relacionem la Catalunya urbana i la rural. Podem tenir ciutats súper intel·ligents a la costa, però bé que beuen aigua d’uns rius i obtenen el 40% dels aliments de la Catalunya agrícola. Què passa si hi ha una sequera de tres anys? Com subsistirà? Aleshores ja et pots posar l’smart city on et càpiga.
Aleshores, com han de ser les nostres ciutats?
Doncs han de tenir clar que per obtenir allò més bàsic per a la seva supervivència, l’aigua i els aliments, el territori ha d’estar gestionat. I qui se n’encarrega? Una agricultura de proximitat, no externalitzada… Es tracta que ambdues realitats arribin a un acord. Per mi, hem de construir un país on es pugui viure al lloc on has nascut amb dignitat i qualitat de vida.
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